Introduction: One of the central issues in studies of political geography returns in to governments and their boundaries. Shaping how borders, borders type, borders issues and disputes arising from them are interesting debates in political geography. One of the notable points in the following discussion is the role of phenomenon of colonialism in border drawing. Essentially colonial boundaries combined and separated some societies. Hence imposed and colonial boundaries often involve the problems within their borders to the countries that are parties. The Boundaries River including the natural boundaries is considered that can disrupt economy due to natural areas or because of a shift, makes border problems for surrounding countries. Countries including Iran, which its borders on the one hand by colonialists has been drawn and the other hand is faced with several neighbors. What the studies related to political relations of countries based on river borders (like Hirmand river) is important, the pattern and form of the rivers that regard to the importance of surface water resources, plays important role in relations between countries.

In recent decades, in development research, including economic, social and ecological research, border areas and boundary effects have received great attention. Therefore, in this study, Analysis of the effect of the function of border cities on the development and transformation Peripheral areas (Case study: Zahedan and Mirjaveh cities in Sistan and Baluchestan province). The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and data and information collection is done through documentary and field methods. The statistical population includes three target categories (economic actors related to cross-border business activities, Experts and local officials and managers and a number of companies, transit, Urban business associated with borders and Culbery, The sample size was determined using Cochran formula 367. The time domain of the research has been done between 2018-2019 and the Geographic territory, including Peripheral areas the cities of Zahedan (Mehrshahr and Zibashahr neighborhoods) and Mirjaveh (Barfi neighborhood) in Sistan and Baluchestan province. In this study, four dimensions of development (environmental, social, cultural and management) has been studied in 40 indicators. The findings show that; The most important strengths affecting the Function and development relations of the border cities of Zahedan and Mirjaveh on the Peripheral areas are related to social strengths with an average of 3. 55 and among the weaknesses, social weakness with an average of 3. 63 and among opportunities, economic and managerial opportunities with an average 3. 53 and Finally, among the types of threats, social threats with an average of 3. 75 have the most impact.

Background and Aim: Countries use different methods to ensure the security of borders and their management and control. The creation, prosperity and prosperity of border bazaars, as a suitable solution, has a great impact on the security of border areas, and closing them is also the cause of various security challenges in these areas. Following this necessity, this article aims to investigate the strategy of border bazaars for the basic and stable security of people in border areas. Methodology: The research method in this descriptive research is an analysis done through library studies and in-depth interviews with experts. The statistical population in this research was the experts in the field of Faraja border Patrol, and based on the results, the answers reached convergence after 18 interviews. Results: Using content and evidence analysis, the strategy of border markets through three components "economic", "security-administrative" and "political-social-cultural" including 21 indicators in the people-based and stable security of the border, explained and as the findings of this The research was explained. Conclusion: The creation and development of border markets, while promoting economic security, leads to a fundamental change in production and employment, stabilization of the border population and prevention of goods smuggling, which ultimately leads to the establishment, maintenance and development of security with a positive effect on the border security function. It has become stable and popular in the border areas. Extended Abstract Introduction One of the challenges facing countries in border areas is the issue of border area security. New perspectives in the field of security of border areas emphasize the sustainable development strategy of the border. Dealing with sustainable border security is important because the link between sustainable security and development is inevitable, and the development of border areas is a sure solution to solve the problems and dilemmas of border areas. Therefore, all the factors affecting the order and security of the border, including employment and a healthy border economy, are also important and have a very effective place in the security of border cities. In this regard, one of the effective factors in the economic security and development of social relations of the border residents and consequently the establishment of stable and people-based internal security in the border cities is the discussion of "border markets", which this research emphasizes on its positive effects on a healthy border economy and Social relations between border residents have been developed. Therefore, the main question of the research is proposed as follows: "What is the strategy of the border bazaars in the establishment of stable security and people-based security in the border areas?"   Methodology The current research is applied in terms of type, the method of carrying it out is qualitative and the approach used is also exploratory using the tool of interviewing experts, reviewing the background and theoretical literature of the research, which tries to provide a conceptual and proposed model, the strategy of border markets in the establishment Explain the stable security and the people-based security in the border areas. Sampling in this article is purposeful sampling based on theoretical saturation. Therefore, according to the obtained results, the interviews were stopped after interviewing 18 senior managers of police-border, political and socio-cultural fields with at least 5 years of service experience in border provinces. Also, the formal and content validity of the components and indicators of the proposed model has been measured and confirmed based on the opinion of experts and with the Delphi method through two groups of 6 and 9 people.   Results and discussion The formation of a border market is the result of a closed economy with cumbersome export and import laws. In the current situation, many countries in the world have opened their economic and commercial space in the regional alliance and are trying to join the world trade. However, the establishment of border markets is effective in creating economic balance and regional and local prosperity, and it can be effective in removing the deprivation of border areas, leading to the improvement of stable border security. The border areas of the country have been deprived of facilities due to the geographical distance from the service centres and are often considered backward areas. Therefore, the creation of border bazaars in a correct and principled way and their comprehensive control can be useful in the prosperity of these areas and, consequently, in improving the stable security and people-based security of the borders.   Conclusion One of the most important issues affecting the security of border areas is the economic development of those areas. One of the most well-known methods of economic development in these regions is the creation of border markets, which can create a fundamental change in production, and employment, stabilizing the border population, increasing income, preventing goods smuggling, and finally developing security. The presence of these bazaars in the border areas due to the vastness of the border strip and the inaccessibility of many of its areas, as well as the facilities created by the establishment of border bazaars, will reduce the motivation of goods smuggling, civil development and development, prosperity and growth of handicraft exports and Industrial artefacts, the prosperity of agriculture and animal husbandry sectors, etc. lead to the establishment of stable security and people-based security in the border areas.     Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relations between Iran and Iraq after the fall of Saddam. the main question is: Despite the wide-ranging and historic differences between Iran and Iraq, What contributed to the improvement and expansion of bilateral relations between 2013 and 2017? The research hypothesis has been formulated using the "soft border" conceptual framework: "The expansion of ties between the people of Iran and Iraq over the period from 2003 to 2017, which results from a common religious identity, has increased the ties between the two countries and the development of a "soft border" between them. "The findings of the paper indicate thatwith the fall of Saddam and the rise of Shiites in Iraq, and the centralization of Marjaeit, the religious ties between the Shiites of Iran and Iraq have expanded; The findings of this paper are gathered from library and field resources and analyzed through descriptive-analytic methods.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Atrak River is one of the longest border rivers of Iran, whose source is the heights near Qochan in the north of Khorasan and it travels a path from east to west on the common border of Iran and Russia and recently Turkmenistan. This river has an important place in the political history of the region, a part of it in the Chat area, according to the Akhal Treaty in 1299 AH, became the official and common border of Qajar Iran and the Tsarist Russian Empire and after a few decades after the October Revolution in 1917, it was determined as the border between Iran and the Soviet Union and it was decided that at least 50% of the water of this river will enter the regions of that country. In addition to its border importance, Atrak River has always been of interest in terms of irrigation of agricultural lands and various construction facilities and creation of sources of income. Therefore, giving importance to issues related to water and border rivers such as Atrak in studies of contemporary history plays an important role in determining the behavior of water diplomacy and economic decisions. The present research, using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library and documentary sources, aims to answer the question, what effect did the Atrak River have on the hydropolitical relations of Iran and its neighbors in the direction of stability and reduction of water and border tensions? And what effect did it have on the historical developments of the east of the Caspian Sea, in terms of population and economy? The claim of the research is that due to the changes in the Atrak River bed due to natural causes and human intervention, there have always been problems and tensions in determining the borders of Iran with neighboring lands. Also, the Turkmen-inhabited region on both sides of the river has a desert climate, and the Etrak river basin is one of the water sources of this land, Therefore, the arbitrary withdrawal of water by the countries has caused challenges between the two countries, and to solve this problem, agreements were always signed in different periods, the results of which were the relative interactions of the parties in the last century

More or less all the countries of the Persian Gulf region, especially the Arab countries, have territorial and border differences. Resolving regional disputes is doubly important because it acts as an intermediary between internal security and external security and is the Achilles heel of governments. Orientation of threats from external centers is the point of vulnerability of the regimes, and in any case, the relations between the neighbors are strained. According to this introduction, the main purpose of the research is to study and recognize the territorial and border disputes of Iran with the countries of the Persian Gulf and to provide a leadership model for resolving problems. The main question of the research is whether the improvement of Iran's relations with influential countries in the region (USA, Britain, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, etc.) will reduce the tension between Iran and the United Arab Emirates and forget about the islands? this article With a comprehensive approach and qualitative research method based on Strauss and Corbin's theory, he has presented a model for resolving maritime border disputes in Iran's relations with the southern countries of the Persian Gulf. The sample size for interviewing experts was finalized within the framework of theoretical saturation, and the strategy of data theory based on open coding, and the theory of this theory was used to compile the entire text of the article. The findings led to the identification of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions and dimensions of the phenomenon of border disputes.

International rivers are waterways that cross the border between two or more countries and mark the border of countries, or rivers that cross the territory of several countries along their route. In the current era, the source of many regional conflicts and disputes between governments that share watersheds. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of border rivers on relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in the direction of economic stability and development of border areas and regional convergence. The main question of the article is what effects have border rivers had on the relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in terms of stability and economic development of border areas and regional convergence? The information required for this research has been collected using library and documentary methods. In this way, by studying and reviewing books, articles and scientific research journals, a collection on the subject of this research has been done. Also, the opinions of professors and experts related to political geography have been used in order to increase the weight of the content as much as possible. The results of the article show that the emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the same as rivers, are affected by various factors; Such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues.

border areas have a special place as geographical regions in national and international debates as they have always been subject to political and military events. border areas in Iran have always been exposed to these events due to geopolitical sensitivities, and the importance of these areas is confirmed by necessity. Since border zones are strategic planning in the border areas of countries, the border zones in Iran have a special place in the national planning system due to its long borders and the presence of more than half of the provinces in the vicinity of the border with neighboring countries. Is. In the border region, several factors can be considered as an effective component of the development of border regions to influence Iran's relations with neighboring countries. Therefore, in the present article, while describing the theoretical components of the border zone, the answer to this question Will be given: What are the natural and human components of the border region affecting the relations between Iran and Iraq? The research method in this paper is a descriptive-analytic study. The data gathering method was library, documentary, field survey using a questionnaire tool. SPSS software was used for data analysis. After analyzing the information extracted from the questionnaire, the results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the factors affecting the border area and the relations between Iran and Iraq (r = 0. 55), and the natural and human components are significant (Medium to high percentages) affect Iran-Iraqi relations.

Due to its geopolitical position, the city of Antioch had always been the scene of confrontation and tension between the great powers of the ancient era since its establishment in the Seleucid era until the late Sassanid era. The findings of this research indicate that the structure of Antioch was checkered in pattern and it derived its political, economic, commercial, religious and military significance from its geopolitical position. Romans used this city as their headquarters and recruiting post for their forces. Antioch was located along the Silk Road and was thus considerably important for the Sassanid and the Romans. Furthermore, as one of the important Christian cities, Antioch played a major role in the propagation of Christianity in the East. By conquering this city, the Sassanid drew nearer to strategies of its founder (securing the Achaemenid territories). Thus, they attempted to create fire temples after conquering the border town of Antioch as part of their territories. Apart from enjoying the advantages of being located on the Silk Road, the conquering of Antioch was also advantageous to the two ancient powers in terms of economy and commerce having immense spoils and productive forces. Analyzing the structure and function of the ancient city of Antioch and its important aspects sheds light over a part of the history of relations between Persia and Rome and their border conflicts and the potential impact of these confrontations on the domestic development of these rival powers. Therefore, given its great significance, the present paper attempts to investigate the structure and function of Antioch in the Sassanid and Roman era employing a descriptive survey method of analysis.